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Social security is a concept enshrined in Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states: Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality. In simple terms, the signatories agree that society in which a person lives should help them to develop and to make the most of all the advantages (culture, work, social welfare) which are offered to them in the country. Social security may also refer to the action programs of government intended to promote the welfare of the population through assistance measures guaranteeing access to sufficient resources for food and shelter and to promote health and well-being for the population at large and potentially vulnerable segments such as children, the elderly, the sick and the unemployed. Services providing social security are often called social services. Terminology in this area in the United States is somewhat different from in the rest of the English-speaking world. The general term for an action program in support of the well being of the population in the United States is ''welfare program'' and the general term for all such programs is simply ''welfare''. In American society, the term ''welfare'' arguably has negative connotations. The term ''Social Security'', in the United States, refers to a specific social insurance program for the retired and the disabled. Elsewhere the term is used in a much broader sense, referring to the economic security society offers when people are faced with certain risks. In its 1952 Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention (nr. 102), the International Labour Organization (ILO) defined the traditional contingencies covered by social security as including: * Survival beyond a prescribed age, to be covered by ''old age pensions''; * The loss of support suffered by a widow or child as the result of the death of the breadwinner (''survivor’s benefit''); * Responsibility for the maintenance of children (''family benefit''); * The treatment of any morbid condition (including pregnancy), whatever its cause (''medical care''); * A suspension of earnings due to pregnancy and confinement and their consequences (''maternity benefit''); * A suspension of earnings due to an inability to obtain suitable employment for protected persons who are capable of, and available for, work (''unemployment benefits''); * A suspension of earnings due to an incapacity for work resulting from a morbid condition (''sickness leave benefit''); * A permanent or persistent inability to engage in any gainful activity (''disability benefits''); * The costs and losses involved in medical care, sickness leave, invalidity and death of the breadwinner due to an occupational accident or disease (''employment injuries''). People who cannot reach a guaranteed social minimum for other reasons may be eligible for ''social assistance'' (or welfare, in American English). Modern authors often consider the ILO approach too narrow. In their view, social security is not limited to the provision of cash transfers, but also aims at security of work, health, and social participation; and new social risks (single parenthood, the reconciliation of work and family life) should be included in the list as well.〔See for a more elaborate discussion: ISBN 978-90-377-0218-7〕 Social security may refer to: * social insurance, where people receive benefits or services in recognition of contributions to an insurance program. These services typically include provision for retirement pensions, disability insurance, survivor benefits and unemployment insurance. * services provided by government or designated agencies responsible for social security provision. In different countries, that may include medical care, financial support during unemployment, sickness, or retirement, health and safety at work, aspects of social work and even industrial relations. * basic security irrespective of participation in specific insurance programs where eligibility may otherwise be an issue. For instance, assistance given to newly arrived refugees for basic necessities such as food, clothing, housing, education, money, and medical care. A report published by the ILO in 2014 estimated that only 27% of the world's population has access to comprehensive social security.〔http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_244748/lang--en/index.htm〕 ==History== While several of the provisions to which the concept refers have a long history (especially in poor relief), the notion of "social security" itself is a fairly recent one. The earliest examples of use date from the 19th century. In a speech to mark the independence of Venezuela, Simón Bolívar (1819) pronounced: "El sistema de gobierno más perfecto es aquel que produce mayor suma de felicidad posible, mayor suma de ''seguridad social'' y mayor suma de estabilidad política"〔http://www.correodelorinoco.gob.ve/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/EE_CO523.pdf〕 (which translates to "The most perfect system of government is that which produces the greatest amount of happiness, the greatest amount of social security and the greatest amount of political stability"). In the Roman Empire, social welfare to help the poor was enlarged by the Emperor Trajan.〔(Britannica.com )〕 Trajan's program brought acclaim from many, including Pliny the Younger.〔(PBS.org )〕 In Jewish tradition, charity (represented by tzedakah) is a matter of religious obligation rather than benevolence. Contemporary charity is regarded as a continuation of the Biblical Maaser Ani, or poor-tithe, as well as Biblical practices, such as permitting the poor to glean the corners of a field and harvest during the Shmita (Sabbatical year). Voluntary charity, along with prayer and repentance, is befriended to ameliorate the consequences of bad acts. The Song dynasty (c.1000AD) government supported multiple forms of social assistance programs, including the establishment of retirement homes, public clinics, and pauper's graveyards〔Song dynasty〕 According to Robert Henry Nelson, "The medieval Roman Catholic Church operated a far-reaching and comprehensive welfare system for the poor..."〔Robert Henry Nelson (2001). "''(Economics as religion: from Samuelson to Chicago and beyond )''". Penn State Press. p.103. ISBN 0-271-02095-4〕〔"(Chapter1: Charity and Welfare )", the American Academy of Research Historians of Medieval Spain.〕 The concepts of welfare and pension were put into practice in the early Islamic law〔 of the Caliphate as forms of ''Zakat'' (charity), one of the Five Pillars of Islam, since the time of the Rashidun caliph Umar in the 7th century. The taxes (including ''Zakat'' and ''Jizya'') collected in the treasury of an Islamic government were used to provide income for the needy, including the poor, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. According to the Islamic jurist Al-Ghazali (Algazel, 1058–1111), the government was also expected to store up food supplies in every region in case a disaster or famine occurred.〔 (see (online ))〕 (See Bayt al-mal for further information.) There is relatively little statistical data on transfer payments before the High Middle Ages. In the medieval period and until the Industrial Revolution, the function of welfare payments in Europe was principally achieved through private giving or charity. In those early times, there was a much broader group considered to be in poverty as compared to the 21st century. Early welfare programs in Europe included the English Poor Law of 1601, which gave parishes the responsibility for providing poverty relief assistance to the poor.〔(The Poor Laws of England ) at EH.Net〕 This system was substantially modified by the 19th-century Poor Law Amendment Act, which introduced the system of workhouses. It was predominantly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that an organized system of state welfare provision was introduced in many countries. Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany, introduced one of the first welfare systems for the working classes in 1883. In Great Britain the Liberal government of Henry Campbell-Bannerman and David Lloyd George introduced the National Insurance system in 1911,〔(Liberal Reforms ) at BBC Bitesize〕 a system later expanded by Clement Attlee. The United States did not have an organized welfare system until the Great Depression, when emergency relief measures were introduced under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Even then, Roosevelt's New Deal focused predominantly on a program of providing work and stimulating the economy through public spending on projects, rather than on cash payment. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「social security」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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